The Sidef programming language
  • Introduction
  • Preface
  • Getting Started
    • Installation
    • Running
    • Hello world
  • Sidef interpreter
    • Command-line options
    • One-line programs
    • Interactive mode
    • Parser warnings
    • Dumping the AST
    • Optimization
    • Deparsing
    • Precompilation
    • Compilation
  • Syntax and semantics
    • Comments
    • Built-in types
      • Nil
      • Bool
      • Number
      • Integer
      • Rational
      • Float
      • Complex
      • Fraction
      • Mod
      • Gauss
      • Quadratic
      • Quaternion
      • Polynomial
      • String
      • Regex
      • File
      • FileHandle
      • Dir
      • DirHandle
      • Array
      • Pair
      • NamedParam
      • Vector
      • Matrix
      • Hash
      • Set
      • Bag
      • Block
      • Time
      • Date
      • Sys
    • Language constructs
      • If
      • With
      • Goto
      • While
      • Do/While
      • For
      • Loop
      • Gather/Take
      • Given/When
      • Try/Catch
      • Break
      • Next
      • Continue
    • Methods
    • Operator precedence
    • Method precedence
    • Metaoperators
    • Variables
    • Variable references
    • Constants
    • Multidimensional arrays
    • Blocks
    • Functions
    • Modules
    • Classes
    • Types
    • Subsets
    • Lazy evaluation
    • Lazy methods
    • Multiple dispatch
    • Functional pattern matching
  • Programming tasks
    • 1
      • 10001th prime
      • 100 doors
    • 2
      • 24 game
        • Solve
    • 4
      • 4-rings or 4-squares puzzle
    • 9
      • 99 bottles of beer
      • 9 billion names of God the integer
    • A
      • A* search algorithm
      • A B
      • ABC problem
      • Abstract type
      • Abundant deficient and perfect number classifications
      • Abundant odd numbers
      • Accumulator factory
      • Achilles numbers
      • Ackermann function
      • Add a variable to a class instance at runtime
      • Additive primes
      • Address of a variable
      • AKS test for primes
      • Align columns
      • Almkvist-Giullera formula for pi
      • Almost prime
      • Amicable pairs
      • Anadromes
      • Anagrams
        • Deranged anagrams
      • Anaprimes
      • Angle difference between two bearings
      • Animate a pendulum
      • Anonymous recursion
      • Anti-primes
      • Apéry's constant
      • Append a record to the end of a text file
      • Append numbers at same position in strings
      • Apply a callback to an array
      • Apply a digital filter direct form II transposed
      • Approximate equality
      • Arbitrary-precision integers included
      • Archimedean spiral
      • Arithmetic
        • Complex
        • Integer
        • Rational
      • Arithmetic-geometric mean
        • Calculate Pi
      • Arithmetic coding
        • As a generalized change of radix
      • Arithmetic derivative
      • Arithmetic evaluation
      • Arithmetic numbers
      • Array concatenation
      • Array length
      • Array search
      • Arrays
      • Ascending primes
      • Assertions
      • Associative array
        • Creation
        • Iteration
      • Attractive numbers
      • Audio alarm
      • Audio frequency generator
      • Average loop length
      • Averages
        • Arithmetic mean
        • Mean angle
        • Mean time of day
        • Median
        • Mode
        • Pythagorean means
        • Root mean square
        • Simple moving average
      • AVL tree
    • B
      • Babbage problem
      • Balanced brackets
      • Barnsley fern
      • Base58Check encoding
      • Base64 decode data
      • Base64 encode data
      • Base 16 numbers needing a to f
      • Bell numbers
      • Benford's law
      • Bernoulli numbers
      • Best shuffle
      • Bilinear interpolation
      • Binary digits
      • Binary search
      • Binary strings
      • Bitmap
        • Bresenham's line algorithm
        • Write a PPM file
      • Bitwise operations
      • Blum integer
      • Boolean values
      • Boustrophedon transform
      • Box the compass
      • Brace expansion
      • Brazilian numbers
      • Break OO privacy
      • Brilliant numbers
      • Brownian tree
      • Bulls and cows
        • Player
      • Burrows Wheeler transform
    • C
      • Caesar cipher
      • Calculating the value of e
      • Calendar
      • Calendar - for REAL programmers
      • Calkin-Wilf sequence
      • Call a function
      • Call an object method
      • Cantor set
      • Carmichael 3 strong pseudoprimes
      • Carmichael lambda function
      • Cartesian product of two or more lists
      • Case-sensitivity of identifiers
      • Casting out nines
      • Catalan numbers
        • Pascal's triangle
      • Catamorphism
      • Centroid of a set of N-dimensional points
      • Change e letters to i in words
      • Changeable words
      • Chaos game
      • Character codes
      • Chebyshev coefficients
      • Check Machin-like formulas
      • Check that file exists
      • Checksumcolor
      • Chernick's Carmichael numbers
      • Cheryl's birthday
      • Chinese remainder theorem
      • Chinese zodiac
      • Cholesky decomposition
      • Cipolla's algorithm
      • Circles of given radius through two points
      • Circular primes
      • Classes
      • Closest-pair problem
      • Closures
        • Value capture
      • Collect and sort square numbers in ascending order from three lists
      • Collections
      • Color quantization
      • Color wheel
      • Colour bars
        • Display
      • Colour pinstripe
        • Display
      • Combinations
      • Combinations and permutations
      • Combinations with repetitions
      • Comma quibbling
      • Command-line arguments
      • Comments
      • Compare a list of strings
      • Compare sorting algorithms' performance
      • Compile-time calculation
      • Composite numbers k with no single digit factors whose factors are all substrings of k
      • Compound data type
      • Concatenate two primes is also prime
      • Concurrent computing
      • Conjugate transpose
      • Consecutive primes with ascending or descending differences
      • Constrained genericity
      • Constrained random points on a circle
      • Continued fraction
        • Arithmetic
          • Construct from rational number
      • Continued fraction convergents
      • Convert decimal number to rational
      • Convert seconds to compound duration
      • Convex hull
      • Conway's Game of Life
      • Coprime triplets
      • Coprimes
      • Copy a string
      • CORDIC
      • Count in factors
      • Count in octal
      • Count occurrences of a substring
      • Count the coins
      • Cousin primes
      • Cramer's rule
      • CRC-32
      • Create a file
      • Create a two-dimensional array at runtime
      • Create an HTML table
      • CSV data manipulation
      • CSV to HTML translation
      • Cuban primes
      • Cubic special primes
      • Cullen and Woodall numbers
      • Cumulative standard deviation
      • Currency
      • Currying
      • Curzon numbers
      • Cycle detection
      • Cyclops numbers
      • Cyclotomic polynomial
    • D
      • Damm algorithm
      • Date format
      • Date manipulation
      • Day of the week
      • Days between dates
      • De Polignac numbers
      • Death Star
      • Deceptive numbers
      • Decimal floating point number to binary
      • Decision tables
      • Decorate-sort-undecorate idiom
      • Deepcopy
      • Define a primitive data type
      • Delegates
      • Delete a file
      • Deming's funnel
      • Department numbers
      • Descending primes
      • Detect division by zero
      • Determinant and permanent
      • Determine if a string has all the same characters
      • Determine if a string has all unique characters
      • Determine if a string is collapsible
      • Determine if a string is numeric
      • Determine if a string is squeezable
      • Determine if only one instance is running
      • Dice game probabilities
      • Digit fifth powers
      • Digital root
        • Multiplicative digital root
      • Dijkstra's algorithm
      • Dinesman's multiple-dwelling problem
      • Disarium numbers
      • Discordian date
      • Display a linear combination
      • Distinct palindromes within decimal numbers
      • Distinct power numbers
      • Distribution of 0 digits in factorial series
      • Diversity prediction theorem
      • DNS query
      • Dot product
      • Double Twin Primes
      • Doubly-linked list
        • Element definition
      • Dragon curve
      • Draw a clock
      • Draw a cuboid
      • Draw a sphere
      • Duffinian numbers
      • Dynamic variable names
    • E
      • Earliest difference between prime gaps
      • Egyptian division
      • Egyptian fractions
      • Eisenstein primes
      • EKG sequence convergence
      • Element-wise operations
      • Elementary cellular automaton
        • Infinite length
        • Random number generator
      • Elliptic curve arithmetic
      • Emirp primes
      • Empty directory
      • Empty program
      • Empty string
      • Enforced immutability
      • Entropy
        • Narcissist
      • Enumerations
      • Environment variables
      • Equal prime and composite sums
      • Equilibrium index
      • Erdös-Selfridge categorization of primes
      • ErdÅ‘s-Nicolas numbers
      • ErdÅ‘s-primes
      • Esthetic numbers
      • Ethiopian multiplication
      • Euclid-Mullin sequence
      • Euclidean rhythm
      • Euler's constant 0 5772
      • Euler's identity
      • Euler's sum of powers conjecture
      • Euler method
      • Evaluate binomial coefficients
      • Even numbers which cannot be expressed as the sum of two twin primes
      • Even or odd
      • Evolutionary algorithm
      • Exactly three adjacent 3 in lists
      • Exceptions
        • Catch an exception thrown in a nested call
      • Executable library
      • Execute a system command
      • Execute Brain****
      • Execute HQ9
      • Exponentiation operator
      • Exponentiation order
      • Extend your language
      • Extensible prime generator
      • Extra primes
      • Extract file extension
      • Extreme floating point values
      • Extreme primes
    • F
      • Factor-perfect numbers
      • Factorial
      • Factorial primes
      • Factorions
      • Factors of a Mersenne number
      • Factors of an integer
      • Fairshare between two and more
      • Farey sequence
      • Fast Fourier transform
      • FASTA format
      • Faulhaber's formula
      • Faulhaber's triangle
      • Feigenbaum constant calculation
      • Fermat numbers
      • Fermat pseudoprimes
      • Fibonacci matrix-exponentiation
      • Fibonacci n-step number sequences
      • Fibonacci sequence
      • Fibonacci word
        • Fractal
      • File extension is in extensions list
      • File input
        • Output
      • File modification time
      • File size
      • File size distribution
      • Filter
      • Find adjacent primes which differ by a square integer
      • Find common directory path
      • Find duplicate files
      • Find first and last set bit of a long integer
      • Find first missing positive
      • Find largest left truncatable prime in a given base
      • Find limit of recursion
      • Find palindromic numbers in both binary and ternary bases
      • Find prime n such that reversed n is also prime
      • Find prime numbers of the form n*n*n 2
      • Find square difference
      • Find squares n where n 1 is prime
      • Find the intersection of a line with a plane
      • Find the intersection of two lines
      • Find the last Sunday of each month
      • Find the missing permutation
      • Find words whose first and last three letters are equal
      • First-class functions
        • Use numbers analogously
      • First 9 prime Fibonacci number
      • First class environments
      • First missing positive
      • First perfect square in base n with n unique digits
      • First power of 2 that has leading decimal digits of 12
      • Five weekends
      • Fivenum
      • FizzBuzz
      • Flatten a list
      • Flow-control structures
      • Floyd's triangle
      • Floyd-Warshall algorithm
      • Forbidden numbers
      • Forest fire
      • Fork
      • Formatted numeric output
      • Fortunate numbers
      • Forward difference
      • Four bit adder
      • Four is magic
      • Four sides of square
      • Fractal tree
      • Fractran
      • Free polyominoes enumeration
      • French Republican calendar
      • Frobenius numbers
      • FTP
      • Function composition
      • Function definition
      • Function frequency
      • Fusc sequence
    • G
      • Gamma function
      • Gapful numbers
      • Gauss-Jordan matrix inversion
      • Gaussian elimination
      • Gaussian primes
      • General FizzBuzz
      • Generate Chess960 starting position
      • Generate lower case ASCII alphabet
      • Generate random numbers without repeating a value
      • Generator
        • Exponential
      • Generic swap
      • Get system command output
      • Getting the number of decimal places
      • Getting the number of decimals
      • Giuga numbers
      • Globally replace text in several files
      • Golden ratio
        • Convergence
      • Gray code
      • Grayscale image
      • Greatest common divisor
      • Greatest element of a list
      • Greatest prime dividing the n-th cubefree number
      • Greatest subsequential sum
      • Greedy algorithm for Egyptian fractions
      • Guess the number
        • With feedback
        • With feedback player
      • GUI
        • Maximum window dimensions
    • H
      • Hailstone sequence
      • Hamming numbers
      • Handle a signal
      • Happy numbers
      • Harshad or Niven series
      • Hash from two arrays
      • Hash join
      • Haversine formula
      • Hello world
        • Graphical
        • Line printer
        • Newline omission
        • Standard error
        • Text
        • Web server
      • Here document
      • Heronian triangles
      • Hickerson series of almost integers
      • Higher-order functions
      • Hilbert curve
      • History variables
      • Hofstadter-Conway 10 000 sequence
      • Hofstadter Figure-Figure sequences
      • Hofstadter Q sequence
      • Holidays related to Easter
      • Home primes
      • Honaker primes
      • Honeycombs
      • Horizontal sundial calculations
      • Horner's rule for polynomial evaluation
      • Hostname
      • Hough transform
      • HTTP
      • HTTPS
        • Authenticated
      • Huffman coding
      • Humble numbers
    • I
      • IBAN
      • Iccanobif primes
      • Identity matrix
      • Idoneal numbers
      • Imaginary base numbers
      • Implicit type conversion
      • Include a file
      • Inconsummate numbers in base 10
      • Increasing gaps between consecutive Niven numbers
      • Increment a numerical string
      • Index finite lists of positive integers
      • Infinity
      • Inheritance
        • Multiple
        • Single
      • Input loop
      • Integer comparison
      • Integer overflow
      • Integer roots
      • Integer sequence
      • Interactive programming repl
      • Inverted syntax
      • Isqrt integer square root of X
      • Iterated digits squaring
    • J
      • Jacobi symbol
      • Jacobsthal numbers
      • Jaro-Winkler distance
      • Jaro similarity
      • Jensen's Device
      • Jewels and stones
      • Jordan-Pólya numbers
      • JortSort
      • Josephus problem
      • JSON
      • Julia set
    • K
      • K-d tree
      • Kaprekar numbers
      • Keyboard input
        • Flush the keyboard buffer
        • Obtain a Y or N response
      • Knapsack problem
        • 0-1
        • Bounded
        • Continuous
        • Unbounded
      • Knight's tour
      • Knuth's algorithm S
      • Knuth's power tree
      • Knuth-Morris-Pratt string search
      • Knuth shuffle
      • Koch curve
      • Kolakoski sequence
      • Kosaraju
      • Kronecker product
      • Kronecker product based fractals
    • L
      • Lah numbers
      • Langton's ant
      • Largest difference between adjacent primes
      • Largest five adjacent number
      • Largest int from concatenated ints
      • Largest number divisible by its digits
      • Largest palindrome product
      • Largest prime factor
      • Largest product in a grid
      • Largest proper divisor of n
      • Last Friday of each month
      • Last letter-first letter
      • Last list item
      • Leap year
      • Least common multiple
      • Least m such that n m is prime
      • Left factorials
      • Legendre prime counting function
      • Leonardo numbers
      • Letter frequency
      • Levenshtein distance
        • Alignment
      • Linear congruential generator
      • List comprehensions
      • List rooted trees
      • Literals
        • Floating point
        • Integer
        • String
      • Logical operations
      • Long multiplication
      • Long primes
      • Long year
      • Longest common prefix
      • Longest common subsequence
      • Longest common substring
      • Longest increasing subsequence
      • Longest string challenge
      • Look-and-say sequence
      • Loop over multiple arrays simultaneously
      • Loops
        • Break
        • Continue
        • Do-while
        • Downward for
        • For
        • For with a specified step
        • Foreach
        • Infinite
        • N plus one half
        • Nested
        • While
      • LU decomposition
      • Lucas-Carmichael numbers
      • Lucas-Lehmer test
      • Ludic numbers
      • Luhn test of credit card numbers
      • Lychrel numbers
      • LZW compression
    • M
      • Möbius function
      • Mad Libs
      • Magic constant
      • Magic squares of doubly even order
      • Magic squares of odd order
      • Magnanimous numbers
      • Make directory path
      • Man or boy test
      • Mandelbrot set
      • Map range
      • Markov chain text generator
      • Matrix-exponentiation operator
      • Matrix multiplication
      • Matrix transposition
      • Matrix with two diagonals
      • Maximum triangle path sum
      • Maze generation
      • MD4
      • MD5
        • Implementation
      • Meissel Mertens constant
      • Menu
      • Mersenne primes
      • Mertens function
      • Metallic ratios
      • Metaprogramming
      • Metronome
      • Mian-Chowla sequence
      • Middle three digits
      • Miller Rabin primality test
      • Minimum multiple of m where digital sum equals m
      • Minimum numbers of three lists
      • Minimum positive multiple in base 10 using only 0 and 1
      • Minimum primes
      • Modular arithmetic
      • Modular exponentiation
      • Modular inverse
      • Modulinos
      • Monte Carlo methods
      • Montgomery reduction
      • Monty Hall problem
      • Mosaic matrix
      • Most frequent k chars distance
      • Motzkin numbers
      • Move-to-front algorithm
      • Multi-base primes
      • Multifactorial
      • Multiline shebang
      • Multiple distinct objects
      • Multiplication tables
      • Multiplicative order
      • Multiplicatively perfect numbers
      • Multisplit
      • Munchausen numbers
      • Munching squares
      • Mutual recursion
    • N
      • N'th
      • N-queens problem
      • N-smooth numbers
      • Named parameters
      • Names to numbers
      • Narcissist
      • Narcissistic decimal number
      • Native shebang
      • Natural sorting
      • Negative base numbers
      • Neighbour primes
      • Nested function
      • Next highest int from digits
      • Next special primes
      • Nice primes
      • Non-continuous subsequences
      • Non-decimal radices
        • Convert
        • Input
        • Output
      • Nth root
      • Null object
      • Number names
      • Number reversal game
      • Numbers divisible by their individual digits but not by the product of their digits
      • Numbers in base-16 representation that cannot be written with decimal digits
      • Numbers in base 10 that are palindromic in bases 2 4 and 16
      • Numbers which are the cube roots of the product of their proper divisors
      • Numbers whose binary and ternary digit sums are prime
      • Numbers whose count of divisors is prime
      • Numbers with equal rises and falls
      • Numbers with prime digits whose sum is 13
      • Numbers with same digit set in base 10 and base 16
      • Numeric separator syntax
      • Numerical integration
        • Adaptive Simpson's method
        • Gauss-Legendre Quadrature
    • O
      • Odd and square numbers
      • Odd squarefree semiprimes
      • Odd word problem
      • Old lady swallowed a fly
      • Old Russian measure of length
      • One-dimensional cellular automata
      • One-two primes
      • One of n lines in a file
      • Operator precedence
      • Optional parameters
      • Orbital elements
      • Order disjoint list items
      • Order two numerical lists
      • Ordered partitions
      • Ordered words
      • Own digits power sum
    • P
      • Padovan n-step number sequences
      • Palindrome dates
      • Palindrome detection
      • Palindrome pairs
      • Palindromic gapful numbers
      • Palindromic primes
      • Palindromic primes in base 16
      • Pandigital prime
      • Pangram checker
      • Parallel brute force
      • Parallel calculations
      • Parsing
        • RPN calculator algorithm
        • RPN to infix conversion
        • Shunting-yard algorithm
      • Partial function application
      • Partition an integer x into n primes
      • Partition function P
      • Pascal's triangle
        • Puzzle
      • Pascal matrix generation
      • Pathological floating point problems
      • Peano curve
      • Pell's equation
      • Pell numbers
      • Penrose tiling
      • Pentagram
      • Percentage difference between images
      • Percolation
        • Mean run density
        • Site percolation
      • Perfect numbers
      • Perfect shuffle
      • Perfect totient numbers
      • Perlin noise
      • Permutation test
      • Permutations
      • Permutations by swapping
      • Permutations with repetitions
      • Permutations with some identical elements
      • Pernicious numbers
      • Phrase reversals
      • Pi
      • Pick random element
      • Pierpont primes
      • Pig the dice game
        • Player
      • Piprimes
      • Pisano period
      • Plasma effect
      • Playfair cipher
      • Playing cards
      • Plot coordinate pairs
      • Pointers and references
      • Polymorphic copy
      • Polymorphism
      • Polynomial derivative
      • Polynomial long division
      • Polynomial regression
      • Polynomial synthetic division
      • Population count
      • Positive decimal integers with the digit 1 occurring exactly twice
      • Power set
      • Powerful numbers
      • Practical numbers
      • Price fraction
      • Primality by trial division
      • Primality by Wilson's theorem
      • Prime conspiracy
      • Prime decomposition
      • Prime numbers p for which the sum of primes less than or equal to p is prime
      • Prime numbers which contain 123
      • Prime numbers whose neighboring pairs are tetraprimes
      • Prime reciprocal sum
      • Prime triplets
      • Primes - allocate descendants to their ancestors
      • Primes n*2 m 1
      • Primes which contain only one odd digit
      • Primes whose first and last number is 3
      • Primes whose sum of digits is 25
      • Primes with digits in nondecreasing order
      • Primorial numbers
      • Priority queue
      • Probabilistic choice
      • Problem of Apollonius
      • Product of divisors
      • Product of min and max prime factors
      • Program name
      • Program termination
      • Proper divisors
      • Pseudo-random numbers
        • Combined recursive generator MRG32k3a
        • Middle-square method
        • PCG32
        • Splitmix64
        • Xorshift star
      • Pseudorandom number generator image
      • Pythagoras tree
      • Pythagorean quadruples
      • Pythagorean triples
    • Q
      • Quad-power prime seeds
      • Quadrat special primes
      • Quaternion type
      • Queue
        • Definition
        • Usage
      • Quickselect algorithm
      • Quine
    • R
      • Radical of an integer
      • Ramanujan's constant
      • Ramanujan primes
        • Twins
      • Ramer-Douglas-Peucker line simplification
      • Ramsey's theorem
      • Random number generator device
      • Random number generator included
      • Random numbers
      • Range expansion
      • Ranking methods
      • Rate counter
      • Read a configuration file
      • Read a file character by character
        • UTF8
      • Read a file line by line
      • Read a specific line from a file
      • Read entire file
      • Readline interface
      • Real constants and functions
      • Recaman's sequence
      • Reduced row echelon form
      • Reflection
        • List methods
      • Regular expressions
      • Remove duplicate elements
      • Remove lines from a file
      • Rename a file
      • Rep-string
      • Repeat
      • Repeat a string
      • Repunit primes
      • Resistor mesh
      • Respond to an unknown method call
      • Return multiple values
      • Reverse a string
      • Reverse the gender of a string
      • Reverse words in a string
      • Rhonda numbers
      • Rice coding
      • Riordan numbers
      • Rock-paper-scissors
      • Roman numerals
        • Decode
        • Encode
      • Roots of a function
      • Roots of a quadratic function
      • Roots of unity
      • Rosetta Code
        • Count examples
        • Fix code tags
        • Rank languages by popularity
      • Rot-13
      • RSA code
      • Run-length encoding
      • Run as a daemon or service
      • Runge-Kutta method
      • Runtime evaluation
        • In an environment
      • Ruth-Aaron numbers
    • S
      • S-expressions
      • Safe and Sophie Germain primes
      • Safe primes and unsafe primes
      • Sailors coconuts and a monkey problem
      • Same fringe
      • Sattolo cycle
      • Scope
        • Function names and labels
      • Search a list
      • Search a list of records
      • Secure temporary file
      • SEDOLs
      • Self-describing numbers
      • Self numbers
      • Semiprime
      • Semordnilap
      • Send an unknown method call
      • Separate the house number from the street name
      • Sequence nth number with exactly n divisors
      • Sequence of non-squares
      • Sequence of primes by trial division
      • Sequence of primorial primes
      • Sequence smallest number greater than previous term with exactly n divisors
      • Sequence smallest number with exactly n divisors
      • Set
      • Set consolidation
      • Seven-sided dice from five-sided dice
      • Sexy primes
      • SHA-1
      • SHA-256
      • Shell one-liner
      • Shoelace formula for polygonal area
      • Short-circuit evaluation
      • Shortest common supersequence
      • Show the decimal value of a number of 1s appended with a 3 then squared
      • Show the epoch
      • Sierpinski arrowhead curve
      • Sierpinski carpet
      • Sierpinski curve
      • Sierpinski pentagon
      • Sierpinski square curve
      • Sierpinski triangle
        • Graphical
      • Sieve of Eratosthenes
      • Simple windowed application
      • Simulated annealing
      • Singleton
      • Singly-linked list
        • Element definition
        • Element insertion
        • Traversal
      • Sleep
      • Smallest numbers
      • Smallest square that begins with n
      • Smarandache-Wellin primes
      • Smarandache prime-digital sequence
      • Smith numbers
      • Snake
      • Sockets
      • Solve triangle solitaire puzzle
      • Sort a list of object identifiers
      • Sort an array of composite structures
      • Sort an integer array
      • Sort disjoint sublist
      • Sort numbers lexicographically
      • Sort primes from list to a list
      • Sort stability
      • Sort three variables
      • Sort using a custom comparator
      • Sorting algorithms
        • Bead sort
        • Bogosort
        • Bubble sort
        • Circle Sort
        • Cocktail sort
        • Comb sort
        • Counting sort
        • Cycle sort
        • Gnome sort
        • Heapsort
        • Insertion sort
        • Merge sort
        • Pancake sort
        • Patience sort
        • Permutation sort
        • Quicksort
        • Radix sort
        • Selection sort
        • Shell sort
        • Sleep sort
        • Stooge sort
        • Strand sort
      • Soundex
      • Sparkline in unicode
      • Special divisors
      • Special factorials
      • Special neighbor primes
      • Speech synthesis
      • Spelling of ordinal numbers
      • Sphenic numbers
      • Spiral matrix
      • Split a character string based on change of character
      • SQL-based authentication
      • Square-free integers
      • Square but not cube
      • Square form factorization
      • Stable marriage problem
      • Stack
      • Stair-climbing puzzle
      • Standard deviation
      • Statistics
        • Basic
        • Normal distribution
      • Stem-and-leaf plot
      • Stern-Brocot sequence
      • Stirling numbers of the first kind
      • Stirling numbers of the second kind
      • Strange numbers
      • Strange plus numbers
      • Strange unique prime triplets
      • Stream merge
      • String append
      • String case
      • String comparison
      • String concatenation
      • String interpolation included
      • String length
      • String matching
      • String prepend
      • Strip a set of characters from a string
      • Strip block comments
      • Strip comments from a string
      • Strip control codes and extended characters from a string
      • Strip whitespace from a string
        • Top and tail
      • Strong and weak primes
      • Sub-unit squares
      • Subleq
      • Subset sum problem
      • Substitution cipher
      • Substring
        • Top and tail
      • Substring primes
      • Subtractive generator
      • Successive prime differences
      • Sudoku
      • Suffix tree
      • Sum and product of an array
      • Sum and product puzzle
      • Sum digits of an integer
      • Sum multiples of 3 and 5
      • Sum of a series
      • Sum of divisors
      • Sum of first n cubes
      • Sum of primes in odd positions is prime
      • Sum of square and cube digits of an integer are primes
      • Sum of squares
      • Sum of the digits of n is substring of n
      • Sum of two adjacent numbers are primes
      • Sum to 100
      • Summarize primes
      • Summation of primes
      • Sunflower fractal
      • Super-d numbers
      • Superellipse
      • Superpermutation minimisation
      • Sutherland-Hodgman polygon clipping
      • Sylvester's sequence
      • Symmetric difference
      • System time
    • T
      • Table creation
        • Postal addresses
      • Take notes on the command line
      • Tarjan
      • Tau function
      • Tau number
      • Taxicab numbers
      • Temperature conversion
      • Terminal control
        • Clear the screen
        • Coloured text
        • Dimensions
        • Display an extended character
        • Preserve screen
        • Ringing the terminal bell
        • Unicode output
      • Test integerness
      • Text between
      • Text processing
        • 1
        • 2
        • Max licenses in use
      • Textonyms
      • The ISAAC cipher
      • The Twelve Days of Christmas
      • Thiele's interpolation formula
      • Thue-Morse
      • Time a function
      • Tokenize a string
      • Tokenize a string with escaping
      • Tonelli-Shanks algorithm
      • Top rank per group
      • Topic variable
      • Topological sort
      • Totient function
      • Towers of Hanoi
      • Trabb Pardo Knuth algorithm
      • Tree traversal
      • Triangular numbers
      • Trigonometric functions
      • Triplet of three numbers
      • Truncatable primes
      • Truncate a file
      • Truth table
      • Twelve statements
      • Twin primes
      • Two sum
    • U
      • Ulam numbers
      • Ulam spiral for primes
      • Ultra useful primes
      • Unbias a random generator
      • Undefined values
      • Unicode strings
      • Unicode variable names
      • Universal Turing machine
      • Unix
        • Ls
      • Unprimeable numbers
      • URL decoding
      • URL encoding
      • User input
        • Graphical
        • Text
      • UTF-8 encode and decode
    • V
      • Vampire number
      • Van der Corput sequence
      • Van Eck sequence
      • Variable-length quantity
      • Variadic function
      • Vector
      • Vector products
      • Verify distribution uniformity
        • Chi-squared test
      • Vigenère cipher
      • Visualize a tree
      • Vogel's approximation method
      • Voronoi diagram
    • W
      • Wagstaff primes
      • Walk a directory
        • Non-recursively
        • Recursively
      • Water collected between towers
      • Web scraping
      • Weird numbers
      • Welch's t-test
      • Wieferich primes
      • Wilson primes of order n
      • Window creation
      • Wireworld
      • Wolstenholme numbers
      • Word break problem
      • Word frequency
      • Word wrap
      • Write entire file
      • Write float arrays to a text file
      • Write language name in 3D ASCII
    • X
      • Xiaolin Wu's line algorithm
      • XML
        • DOM serialization
        • Input
        • Output
        • XPath
      • XML validation
    • Y
      • Y combinator
      • Yin and yang
    • Z
      • Zebra puzzle
      • Zeckendorf number representation
      • Zero to the zero power
      • Zhang-Suen thinning algorithm
      • Zig-zag matrix
      • Zsigmondy numbers
      • Zumkeller numbers
  • The End
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Last updated 2 years ago

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Support for complex numbers is provided by , which is a Perl interface to the library.

Alternatively:

Complex numbers are deeply integrated into the language and can be used in combination with all the other Number types (with implicit propagation):

All complex numbers are Number objects:

  1. Syntax and semantics
  2. Built-in types

Complex

PreviousFloatNextFraction
Complex(3, 4)
3 + 4i
3:4
sqrt(-1)        # 1i
log(-1)         # 3.14159265358979323846264338327950288419716939938i
4 + sqrt(-1)    # 4+i
(3+4i)**2       # -7+24i
(3 + 4i).class       # Number
Complex(3, 4).class  # =//=
Math::MPC
MPC